Natural Compounds in Cancer Chemoprevention: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with increasing incidence rates despite advancements in treatment modalities. Chemoprevention, utilising natural or synthetic agents to hinder, delay, or reverse carcinogenesis, has emerged as a promising approach to reduce cancer risk alongside conventional therapies. This review explores the roles of various natural compounds, including plant-derived phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), and sulforaphane, which exhibit potent anticancer effects through mechanisms of apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis. These compounds demonstrate powerful antioxidant properties, modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, critical factors in cancer progression. By interacting with key molecular targets like NF-κB, Nrf2, and the PI3K/AKT pathway, these bioactive substances suppress oncogenic signalling and promote tumour-suppressing mechanisms. Additionally, the review addresses challenges in employing natural compounds for chemoprevention, such as issues related to bioavailability and optimal dosing, as well as strategies for enhancing their efficacy, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems and synergistic combinations with standard therapies. Comprehensive analysis of current preclinical and clinical studies underscores the potential of natural compounds in cancer prevention. Ultimately, this article aims to provide insights and a roadmap for advancing the development of natural compound-based chemoprevention strategies, highlighting their significance in improving patient outcomes and reducing cancer burden globally.