Advancement and Characteristics of Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosome) and their Application for Analgesics

Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Several drug delivery systems utilise carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to versatility in encapsulation for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes has non-immunogenic properties and can be designed as a controlled release drug that payload slowly and steadily, reducing the risk of side effects and improving therapeutic efficacy. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. Liposomes are generally less stable than niosomes due to their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and leakage of encapsulated materials. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in analgesics.