Leishmaniasis: Complexities and Burden of a Vector-Borne Neglected Tropical Disease

This review examines key dimensions of leishmaniasis, including its epidemiology, transmission dynamics, treatment options, and the major challenges and opportunities for control particularly through integration with other neglected tropical diseases. It highlights the complex interplay of biological, environmental, and socio-economic drivers that sustain transmission and hinder effective response. Although research and interventions have advanced, major barriers remain, notably emerging drug resistance and limited access to quality healthcare, compounded by conflict and environmental change. The review underscores the urgent need for sustained investment, strengthened collaboration, and committed political action to reduce and ultimately eliminate leishmaniasis as a public health threat. Addressing leishmaniasis alongside other neglected tropical diseases is essential to advancing health equity and supporting sustainable development.