A Diagnostic Toolkit for Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Selected ASEAN Countries

This study develops a diagnostic toolkit designed to evaluate innovation systems in developing nations, featuring 17 indicators across six categories based on national innovation systems theories and the system failure framework, with a focus on reflexivity and demand articulation issues. The toolkit was tested in three ASEAN countries—Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand— using China and Korea as benchmarks. Its innovative approach lies in offering benchmarks and targets through comparisons with peer countries' positions and outlining potential pathways. The research utilizes a heatmap dashboard to contrast the innovation performance of each country against the average of its income group, integrating these findings into a country gap profile. This profile aids in crafting innovation policy recommendations tailored to a country’s specific developmental needs and innovation system characteristics. The study significantly contributes to scientometric literature by introducing a practical, theory-based indicator system for innovation policy aimed at developing countries and enhances understanding of national innovation systems, particularly in the under-researched ASEAN context.