Effects of Phytoconstituents on Adipocytes in the Management of Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia

Obesity and overweight are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. Obesity is also linked to non-communicable diseases like dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Adipocyte precursor cells are multiplied and differentiated into mature adipocytes throughout the process of adipogenesis. Obesity is also linked to high levels of oxidative stress and dysfunctional antioxidant systems. White adipose tissue encourages the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, regulates metabolic inflammation, and stimulates the immune system through persistent low-grade inflammation, which further causes insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin is the main peptide produced by adipocytes and its depletion is a major factor in obesity-related illnesses such type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin's effects are mediated by adiponectin receptors that exist in two isoforms (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2). Numerous researches have recently looked into how natural ingredients affect adipocyte development and lipid accumulation. Natural products' potential anti-obesity actions include inducing apoptosis, stopping or delaying cell cycle development, and disruption of transcription factor cascades or intracellular signaling pathways at the initial stages of adipogenesis. Some of the phytoconstituents including curcumin, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, crocin, berberine, sulforaphane, piperonal, 6-gingerol and Ajoene are discussed for the management of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in this review.