Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosomes Loaded Tinospora cordifolia on Ethylene Glycol Induced Urolithiasis: An Experimental Study

Background

Tinospora cordifolia is a renowned traditional medicinal herb known for its diverse therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects.

Materials and Methods

A hydroalcoholic extract of T. cordifolia was formulated into phytosomes and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. In vitro and in vivo antiurolithiatic activity were evaluated and compared with a standard drug.

Results

Among the developed formulations, Batch 3 was identified as optimal, exhibiting a particle size of 158.1 nm, zeta potential of –28.15 mV, and a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.3. In vitro analysis showed that the phytosome formulation dissolved 80% of calcium oxalate crystals, closely approaching the performance of the standard drug Cystone (86% dissolution). In vivo evaluation further demonstrated that both the crude extract and the phytosome formulation significantly improved altered biochemical markers such as urine output, pH, and levels of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium. Histopathological examinations confirmed reduced renal crystal deposition and tissue damage in the phytosome-treated group, indicating enhanced protection against stone formation.

Conclusion

Overall, the phytosome-based delivery of Tinospora cordifolia extract offers a promising and effective approach for the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.