Exploration of Streptomyces hygroscopicus Secondary Metabolite Compound as a Development of Antimalarial Drug Candidate

Background: Malaria has become a major global health disease among humans. Globally, an estimated 228 million cases of malaria occurred and resulted in 405,000 deaths in 2018. The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria relies on derivatives of artemisinin (ART) as a core component of ART-based combination therapy (ACTs). However, some malaria-endemic areas have started showing cases of artemisinin resistance. Thus, research related to antimalarial drugs from plant and microbial sources is needed. Methods: The keywords Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Antimalarial/ antiplasmodium, and secondary metabolite were used to search the important literature materials on PubMed, Google scholar and Science direct. Results: From the literature review results, it was found that 61 compounds were isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Of the isolates, seven compounds have been tested for antimalarial activity. Two compounds were tested in silico, five compounds tested in vitro on Plasmodium culture, and three compounds tested in vivo. Eponemycin and geldanamycin are the two compounds that have been tested in vitro and in vivo as antimalarials that can inhibit Plasmodium spp. growth and inhibit cerebral malaria in the experimental animals. Conclusion: In silico, in vitro and in vivo studies of S. hygroscopicus exhibited potential antimalarial activity.