Amaranthus dubius L.: Ethnomedicinal Significance, Phytochemical Profile, and Therapeutic Potential: A Review

Amaranthus dubius, also known as red spinach, is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential in traditional medicine, particularly across tropical and subtropical regions. This review compiles and analyses ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological data on A. dubius, underlining its applications in managing various ailments and its potential for development into modern therapeutics. Traditionally, A. dubius has been used to treat conditions such as anaemia, inflammation, digestive disorders, and fever, with high nutritional value reinforcing its role in health maintenance. Phytochemical investigations highlight a spectrum of bioactive compounds, including betacyanins, phenolic acids (e.g., Gallic and Vanillic acids), flavonoids (like quercetin, luteolin, and naringenin), and phytosterols, which are responsible for its broad therapeutic activities. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that A. dubius possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antianemic properties. The antioxidant effects, primarily from its phenolic and flavonoid constituents, protect against oxidative damage, while anti-inflammatory properties aid in modulating immune responses. Recent research indicates that betacyanins from A. dubius exhibit antiviral effects against Dengue Virus Type 2 (DENV-2), and its antianemic activity is supported by evidence showing enhanced haemoglobin levels. Collectively, these findings position A. dubius as a promising source of bioactive compounds for managing chronic diseases, infectious conditions, and inflammation, warranting further research into its mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings.