Chitosan in Drug Delivery Systems and Tissue Engineering: Versatile Prospects

Chitosan (CS), derived from the deacetylation of chitin-the second-most abundant natural polymer after cellulose-is a versatile biopolymer known for its remarkable properties. It is biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, hydrophilic, and chemically resistant, with high bioavailability and ease of modification. These attributes enable the formation of diverse structures such as films, gels, nanoparticles, microparticles, and beads. Importantly, chitosan is broken down by the body into non-toxic amino sugars, making it a suitable candidate for biomedical applications. The unique properties of CS arise from the presence of amine groups along its polymer backbone, which impart functionality for various biological uses. It is especially relevant in tissue engineering due to its ability to support cell attachment and growth. Its applications include use in 2D and 3D scaffolds like sponges, gels, and films for wound healing, where it aids in drug delivery and bioactive compound absorption. Recently, chitosan has gained attention in orthopaedic tissue engineering for its antibacterial nature, low immunogenicity, and adaptability into various shapes and porous structures conducive to osteoconduction and cellular ingrowth. These properties support the regeneration and repair of tissue, highlighting its therapeutic potential. This summary explores chitosan’s critical role in biomedical fields, focusing on its structural applications in scaffolds and its utility in controlled drug delivery systems. Furthermore, molecular modifications of CS are discussed for tailoring it to specific biological functions, underlining its growing importance in modern tissue engineering and pharmaceutical formulations.