Recent Advances in Controlling of Urinary Tract Infecting Pathogens Using Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide, often complicated by antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and high recurrence rates. Conventional treatment strategies are increasingly challenged by multidrug-resistant pathogens, underscoring the urgent need for novel and effective therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced promising alternatives through the development of metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites with potent antimicrobial properties. This review highlights the mechanisms by which nanoparticles exert bactericidal effects-such as membrane disruption, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, and metal ion release-and discusses the antimicrobial potential of silver, copper, zinc oxide, selenium, and iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, the integration of nanoparticles into polymeric and hydrogel-based nanocomposites has demonstrated synergistic effects that enhance antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm inhibition. Application-based strategies, including nanoparticle-coated urinary catheters, smart controlled-release systems, and nanosensor-enabled diagnostics, are reshaping the clinical landscape of UTI management. While the future of nanotechnology in UTI treatment is promising, challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity, stability, and regulatory standardization must be addressed. Emphasizing safety, biocompatibility, and sustainability will be essential for successful clinical translation. Collectively, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize UTI prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.