Identification of Gairika (Red Ochre) by Classical and Contemporary Parameters and Structural Evaluation of Gairika Pre and Post Classical Purification Procedure

Background

Given the growing adulteration and lack of genuine materials, it is imperative that Rasadravya (herbo-mineral substance) be identified and standardised in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics to assure therapeutic efficacy and safety. Gairika (Red Ochre), classified as Uparasa, is traditionally used in various treatments and is expected to contain at least 16% elemental iron or 21% Ferric Oxide (Fe₂O₃), as specified by the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Aim and Objectives

This study aimed to identify and authenticate Gairika samples collected from ten different regions using a multidisciplinary approach that included classical methods (Grahya Lakshana), geological analysis, and modern instrumental techniques.

Materials and Methods

The initial phase involved screening based on classical characteristics, followed by a geological assessment and the quantification of iron content by titrimetric analysis. Three samples with iron content exceeding 20% were selected for further analysis using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Among these, the sample from Bagalakote was chosen for shodhana (purification) by the Bharjana method in Ghee. Post-purification, the sample underwent re-evaluation using XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX.

Results

The results revealed slight alterations in its chemical composition compared to the pre- and post-purification processes.

Conclusion

This integrated methodology underscores the importance of combining traditional and modern techniques for the accurate identification and safe therapeutic use of Rasadravyas, such as Gairika.