Therapeutic Potential of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Extract on Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction: An in vivo Examination

Objectives: This study aims to assess the cardioprotective effect of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis leaf extract against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into groups and administered P. maderaspatensis extract at doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg, subsequently subjected to isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury. Following treatment biochemical profile, cardiac bio markers and Histopathological investigation were performed, this research assessed the cardioprotective efficacy of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis leaf extract against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial damage in experimental rats. Results: Body weight and haematological parameters, such as haemoglobin, Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell (WBC), and platelet counts, remained consistent across all treated groups, demonstrating the extract's safety. ISO administration significantly increased serum lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, LDL, and VLDL levels, while decreasing HDL levels. The lipid abnormalities were effectively normalised by treatment with P. maderaspatensis extract, especially at 200 mg/kg. Iron and ceruloplasmin, two markers of oxidative stress, were much higher in the ISO group than in the control group. However, after treatment with the extract, they were much lower. ISO inhibited antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST), but they were restored in a dose-dependent way. Conclusion: Membrane-bound ATPases (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and Mg²⁺-ATPase) exhibited enhanced activity following extract administration, suggesting the restoration of membrane integrity. Histopathological examinations of liver, kidney, and cardiac tissues indicated significant structural impairment in the ISO group, while extract-treated cohorts exhibited gradual recovery correlated with escalating doses. When the doses were higher, the structure of the tissue was almost the same as in the control group. These results indicate that Phyllanthus maderaspatensis exhibits considerable cardioprotective properties, presumably via antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and membrane-stabilizing mechanisms.