Osteoporosis: Exploring Causes, Pathophysiology and Advances in Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Osteoporosis diagnosis relies primarily on a clinical assessment involving the observation of signs and symptoms. The origins of this disorder may be either causative or risk-related, with some factors being preventable while others are not. Treatment modalities are diverse, constantly under study for improved outcomes and aimed at minimizing adverse effects from various therapeutic approaches. This study aims to comprehensively explore the etiology, pathophysiology and advancements in osteoporosis management. A thorough review was conducted, utilizing an extensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE databases spanning from January 1987 to March 2023. The search terms included "osteoporosis," "etiology of osteoporosis," "pathophysiology," "clinical features," and "treatment of osteoporosis." The osteoporosis treatment mainly combinations with or without drug therapy and ensure the sufficient intake of the calcium ion and assess the levels of vitamin D. diminish the polypharmacy, particularly with tranquilizer. Bisphosphonates are the main medicament for the treatment of osteoporosis but should be taken separately from food due to poor absorption. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of numerous treatment options, including novel drugs and their combinations with or without non-pharmacological therapies, demonstrating promising results. Further research is imperative to implement advanced regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis.