In vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Evaluation of a Polyherbal Formulation against Calcium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis in Rats

Background: Kidney stones form due to the crystallization of minerals and salts in the urinary tract. Despite advancements in understanding their pathophysiology, treatment options remain expensive and often lead to recurrence. Herbal therapies have gained attention as alternative treatments. This study evaluates the anti-urolithiatic activity of methanolic extracts of Nelumbo nucifera, Anogeissus latifolia, Leucas aspera, and their polyherbal formulation (PHF) in a urolithic rat model. Materials and Methods: A 28-day study used a CaOx-induced rat model (70 mg/ kg) to induce urolithiasis. Rats received N. nucifera, A. latifolia, and L. aspera extracts (250/500 mg/kg), Cystone (750 mg/kg), or PHF (375 mg/kg). Urine, serum, and kidney analyses, including LDH, GSH, LPO, and histopathology, were performed (p<0.001). Results: Methanolic extracts significantly reduced elevated biochemical markers (creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase), restored urinary pH, and increased urine volume. PHF exhibited the highest efficacy, outperforming individual extracts. Antioxidant activity was enhanced, reducing kidney stone formation. N. nucifera showed the most potent activity among single extracts. Conclusion: The phytoconstituents, particularly saponins, played a key role in reducing calcium oxalate crystal formation and recurrence. This study highlights polyherbal formulations as cost-effective and efficient alternatives for managing kidney stones.