Hesperidin: A Comprehensive Review of its Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Applications

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring citrus bioflavonoid that has gained significant interest for its wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic activities. Found abundantly in citrus fruits, hesperidin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and vasodilatory effects, making it an important bioactive compound in both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical contexts. It plays a vital role in vascular health by improving venous tone, enhancing microcirculation, and promoting the healing of venous ulcers. Clinically, hesperidin is utilized in the management of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, and the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism. Supplementation with hesperidin has been shown to alleviate edema by reducing swelling from fluid accumulation in the lower extremities and improving overall vascular function. Furthermore, it helps address conditions such as unusual capillary leakiness, extremity pain, night leg cramps, and general weakness, thereby improving quality of life. Emerging studies also highlight its neuroprotective and anticarcinogenic potential, indicating promising applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cancer prevention. Increasing evidence highlights the significance of hesperidin as a multifunctional compound with broad therapeutic benefits. This review aims to comprehensively examine the biological importance of hesperidin, detailing its pharmacological activities, clinical applications, and potential role in future therapeutic strategies to advance human health and disease management.