Assessing the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Potential of Protein Supplements Using Allium cepa as a Model Bioindicator

Objectives

The increasing consumption of dietary protein supplements raises concerns regarding potential contamination and associated toxicological effects. The present study evaluates the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of commercially available protein supplements using the Allium cepa root tip assay.

Materials and Methods

Six protein supplements originating from different geographical regions were evaluated. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring root growth inhibition and calculating the mitotic index, while genotoxicity was assessed through chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation in meristematic cells. Heavy metal concentrations were previously determined using ICP-MS. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian one-way ANOVA through JASP software.

Results

A concentration-dependent reduction in root growth and mitotic activity was observed across all samples. At 10% concentration, complete root growth inhibition occurred in all treatments. Vegan protein samples exhibited comparatively higher cytotoxic and genotoxic effects than whey protein samples. Increased chromosomal abnormalities and micronuclei frequency were detected in samples containing elevated heavy metal concentrations.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that certain protein supplements may exhibit measurable cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, possibly due to contamination with trace metals or processing-related compounds. The Allium cepa bioassay proved to be a sensitive and reliable screening tool for evaluating potential toxicological risks in dietary supplements.