A Comprehensive Review of Crocus sativus L.: Botanical Characteristics, Phytochemical Composition, and Therapeutic Applications

Known as saffron (syn. Kesar), Crocus sativus L., a member of the Iridaceae family, is mostly grown in Iran, though it is also grown in India and Greece. It is made from the dried red stigmas of the flower. Terpenes, terpene alcohols, and their esters make up the majority of the more than 150 volatile and aromatic substances that this plant produces. Picrocrocin and safranal are responsible for the characteristic bitter taste and hay-like or iodoform-like scent of saffron, respectively. Anti-hypertensive, anti-convulsant, anti-tussive, anti-genotoxic, cytotoxic, anxiolytic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anti-depressant, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and smooth muscle relaxant properties are only a few of the many pharmacological activity that Crocus sativus demonstrated. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to improve cognitive abilities including memory and learning as well as ocular perfusion by boosting blood flow to the retina and choroid. The historical use, phytochemical profile, pharmacodynamic characteristics, medicinal uses, possible adulterants and replacements, and toxicity data related to Crocus sativus L. are all extensively examined in this extensive review. In addition, it covers the qualitative chemical tests, pharmaceutical formulations, and analytical assessment that are relevant to its standardization and quality control.