Exploring the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Rhus chinensis Mill in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review

The ethnomedicinal plant Rhus chinensis Mill., used extensively throughout Asia, has drawn scientific interest due to its potential use in treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This comprehensive review investigates the molecular pathways, bioactive components, and therapeutic potential of R. chinensis in glycemic control and metabolic regulation. The study synthesizes phytochemical analyses, recent in vitro and in vivo research, and current scientific insights to identify gaps in translational research. Phytochemical profiling reveals a rich presence of gallotannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids with strong anti-inflammatory, enzyme-modulatory, and antioxidant properties. Recent studies indicate antidiabetic effects through mechanisms such as increasing insulin sensitivity, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, promoting glucose uptake through AMPK activation, and inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Evidence also suggests benefits regarding dyslipidemia, inflammation, and gut microbial modulation. R. chinensis emerges as a compelling natural candidate for integrative T2DM management; however, well-designed clinical trials are needed to validate efficacy, optimize dosing, and ensure long-term safety.