Computational Tool for Immunotoxic Assessment of Pyrethroids toward Adaptive Immune Cell Receptors

Background: Pyrethroids have prominently known for their insecticidal actions worldwide, but recent reports as anticancer and antiviral applications gained a lot of interest to further understand their safety and immunotoxicity. Objective: This encouraged us to carry out our present study to evaluate the interactions of pyrethroids toward adaptive immune cell receptors. Materials and Methods: Type 1 and Type 2 pyrethroids were tested on T (CD4 and CD8) and B (CD28 and CD45) immune cell receptors using Maestro 9.3 (Schrödinger, LLC, Cambridge, USA). In addition, top‑ranked tested ligands were too explored for toxicity prediction in rodents using ProTOX tool. Results: Pyrethroids (specifically type 2) such as fenvalerate (−5.534 kcal/mol: CD8), fluvalinate (−4.644 and − 4.431 kcal/mol: CD4 and CD45), and cypermethrin (−3.535 kcal/mol: CD28) have outcome in less energy or more affinity for B‑cell and T‑cell immune receptors which may later result in the immunosuppressive and hypersensitivity reactions. Conclusion: The current findings have uncovered that there is a further need to assess the Type 2 pyrethroids with wet laboratory experiments to understand the chemical nature of pyrethroid‑induced immunotoxicity.