Geographical Origin Discrimination of Amomi fructus using an Ultra‑Performance Liquid Chromatography‑Quadrupole Time‑of‑Flight Mass Spectrometry‑Based Metabolomics Approach Combined with Antioxidant Activity Analysis

Background: The genus <em>Crotalaria</em> (Fabaceae) is known for its diverse pharmacological activities. <em>Crotalaria pallida</em> Aiton is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for various ailments. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of <em>C. pallida</em> leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the inhibition of protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The methanolic extract of <em>C. pallida</em> leaves showed significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 42.5 ± 1.2 μg/mL for DPPH and 68.4 ± 2.1 μg/mL for FRAP. The extract also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extract showed significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 56.2 ± 2.4 μg/mL and 62.8 ± 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that <em>C. pallida</em> leaf extract possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties, which could be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals.