Gelatin-Alginate Biopolymeric Matrix Enriched with Punica granatum and Moringa oleifera: In vitro Biological Evaluation for the Management of Periodontal Disease

Background

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by microbial dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and exaggerated host immune response, leading to progressive periodontal tissue destruction. Natural phytoconstituents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have gained attention as potential adjuncts in periodontal therapy. To develop and biologically evaluate a gelatin-alginate biopolymeric matrix enriched with Punica granatum and Moringa oleifera for its in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential relevant to periodontal disease management.

Materials and Methods

Aqueous extracts of Punica granatum peel and Moringa oleifera leaves were incorporated into a 2% gelatin–2% sodium alginate matrix. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through membrane stabilization, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) denaturation, and egg albumin denaturation assays at concentrations ranging from 10–50 µL. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and independent t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

The formulation demonstrated significant concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in all assays (p < 0.001). DPPH inhibition increased from 29.11% to 69.79%, FRAP values from 0.29 to 0.78 mM Fe²⁺ equivalents, and H₂O₂ scavenging from 31.25% to 71.49%. Membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assays also showed progressive inhibition, reaching up to 82.49%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the formulation and standard controls (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The phytochemical-enriched gelatin-alginate matrix exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to standard agents, suggesting its potential as a natural adjunct in periodontal therapy. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted.