Gastroprotective and Ulcer Healing Effects of Camel Milk and Urine in HCl/EtOH, Non‑steroidal Anti‑inflammatory Drugs (Indomethacin), and Water‑Restraint Stress‑induced Ulcer in Rats

Background: Camel milk has been reportedly used to treat dropsy, jaundice, tuberculosis, and diabetes while camel urine is used to treat diarrhea and cancer. However, there is no scientific evidence on the antiulcer activity of camel milk and urine. Thus, the present is designed to investigate the gastroprotective and ulcer healing effect of camel milk and urine on experimentally induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Materials and Methods: The gastroprotective effect was investigated in HCl/EtOH, water‑restraint stress (WRS) and non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (indomethacin)‑induced ulcer models while ulcer healing activity was investigated in indomethacin‑induced ulcer model. Cimetidine (100 mg/kg) was used as a standard antiulcer drug. Results: Acute toxicity study done up to a dosage of 10 ml/kg of camel milk and urine showed no signs of toxicity and mortality among the rats, indicating the present dosage of 5 ml/kg is safe to be administered to the rats. In the HCl/EtOH model, oral administration of cimetidine (100 mg/kg), camel urine (5 ml/kg), and camel milk (5 ml/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited gastric lesions by 83.7, 60.5 and 100%, respectively. In the WRS‑induced model, cimetidine, and camel urine showed an ulcer inhibition of 100% while camel milk showed an inhibition of 50%. Similarly, in the indomethacin‑induced ulcer model, cimetidine, camel milk, and urine showed an ulcer inhibition of 100, 33.3, and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, camel milk and urine also showed a significant (P < 0.05) ulcer healing effect of 100% in indomethacin‑induced ulcer model, with no ulcers observed as compared to that of cimetidine, which offers a healing effect of 60.5%. Conclusion: The antiulcer activity of camel milk and urine may be attributed to its cytoprotective mechanism and antioxidant properties.