Ethanol Extract of Magnolia sieboldii Buds Ameliorated Esophageal Tissue Injury Induced by Gastric Acid Reflux in Rats via Regulating the Nuclear Factor‑κB Signaling Pathway

Objective: The objective is to investigate the anti‑inflammatory and protective effects of the ethanol extract of M. sieboldii buds (MsE) on RE. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of MsE were used to determine the anti‑inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced cells. In addition, the treatment of MsE on experimental RE rats were used for determining the protective effects of MsE on RE. Results: M. sieboldii treatment effectively inhibited LPS‑induced nitric oxide (NO) production, protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) by regulating the activation of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and C‑Jun N‑terminal kinase/mitogen‑activated protein kinase in cells. Furthermore, M. sieboldii treatment significantly ameliorated esophageal tissue damage caused by gastric acid reflux, as well as inhibited the expression of COX‑2, TNF‑α, and interleukin‑1 beta in esophageal tissues through inhibition the activation of NF‑κB. Conclusion: We suggested that the ethanol extract of M. sieboldii could consider being an alternative medicine material for treating RE.