Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Cissus quadrangularis L. Methanolic Extract in Experimental Animal Models

Aim: In this study, the skin-protective effects of two geographical types of EBN (EBN‑A and EBN‑B) were investigated. Materials and Methods: The anti-aging effect was assessed in ultraviolet B (UVB)‑irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), while the anti‑inflammatory effect was evaluated in tumor necrosis factor alpha/interferon gamma (TNF‑α/IFN‑γ)‑stimulated human skin keratinocytes (HaCaTs). The wound‑healing activity was investigated in scratched NHDFs and hyalorunan production was examined in HaCaTs. Results: In this study, EBN showed good efficiency in scavenging free radicals. EBN notably decreased the UVB‑induced matrix metalloproteinase‑1 expression and promoted procollagen type I synthesis that resulted in the protective effect of EBN against UVB‑induced skin damage. Overexpression of thymus‑ and activation‑regulated chemokine and macrophage‑derived chemokine induced by TNF‑α/IFN‑γ was significantly decreased after treatment with EBN at 1–10 μg/ml. The most effective wound healer was EBN‑B at 1–10 μg/ml, based on the high expression of hyaluronan that has long been associated with the remodeling extracellular matrix in wound healing. Conclusion: These results indicate that EBNs have the potential to ameliorate UVB‑induced skin photo aging and NF‑α/ IFN‑γ‑stimulated inflammation as well as wound injuries, resulting in rapid healing effects.