Anti‑Inflammatory Effect of Bougainvillea × buttiana (Var. Orange) Extract in Experimental Bothrops jararaca Envenomation

Objective: In this study, the anti‑inflammatory effect of B. x buttiana orange extract (BxbO) was evaluated on edema formation, cytokine production, and lethality in mice in response to venom of Bothrops jararaca (VBj) snake. Materials and Methods: The BxbO extract was tested in vitro to determine its effect on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and in vivo for the formation of edema, the paw edema model was used, as well as the toxicity of the extract and the production of cytokines. Lethality induced by VBj, the survival percentage, was calculated. Results: BxbO extract significantly inhibited in vitro PLA2 and in vivo, blocked the edema formation and cytokine production, and prevented lethality induced by VBj. The constituents of BxbO may bind to components of VBj, such as PLA2, thereby blocking the proteolytic action of the venom. In animals treated with BxbO extract injected 1 h after the venom injection, no difference was observed in the cytokine secretion. In contrast, for all mice treated with BxbO extract for 1 h before VBj administration or together with VBj, the pro‑inflammatory cytokine secretion in the serum was attenuated and an exacerbated production anti‑inflammatory cytokine. In the presence of the BxbO extract injected 1 h before the VBj injection or together with the VBj injection, mortality was significantly lower. Conclusion: Altogether, our results show that BxbO extract can inhibit the local and systemic activities of VBj. However, new studies are still required to identify the interaction mechanisms between bioactive compounds and cellular components.