Nanotechnology and Natural Remedies: A Comprehensive Review on Role of Curcumin Nanoparticles in Gout Management

Gout, a chronic inflammatory arthritis driven by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition, remains a significant clinical challenge due to limitations in current pharmacological therapies, including adverse effects and poor patient compliance. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with potential therapeutic implications for gout. However, its clinical translation is hindered by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profile of curcumin. This review explores the pathophysiology of gout and highlights curcumin's molecular mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of NF-κB signalling and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It further discusses recent advancements in curcumin nanoformulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles-and their preclinical efficacy in gout models. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery not only improves curcumin's solubility and stability but also enables targeted delivery to inflamed tissues, potentially reducing systemic toxicity. While current findings are promising, further clinical investigations are essential to validate the safety, efficacy, and therapeutic viability of curcumin nanoparticles in gout management. This review underscores curcumin nanotechnology as a novel and viable adjunct or alternative to conventional gout therapies.